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- back (backward) mutation
- A mutation that reverts a nucleotide site to a previous state.
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- bacteriophage (abbreviated as phage)
- A virus that parasitizes bacteria.
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- balanced polymorphism
- A polymorphism that is stable over time and is maintained by balancing selection.
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- balancing selection
- A selection regime that results in the maintenance of two or more alleles at a locus in a population (e.g., overdominance).
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- banding
- Areas of light and dark staining on chromosomes.
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- base (see nucleotide)
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- Bayesian
- Statistical methods using prior probabilities.
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- biased codon usage (see unequal codon usage)
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- BIC
- Bayesian Information Criterion.
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- BLAST
- Basic Local Alignment Search Tool.
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- BLOSUM
- BLOcks SUbstitution Matrix.
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- Bonferroni correction
- A correction of the alpha value when multiple tests of the same hypothesis are performed. Corrected alpha = overall alpha/number of tests.
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- bootstrap
- A statistical technique using resampling with replacement.
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- bottleneck
- A severe reduction in population size.
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- box
- A short DNA sequence adjacent to or residing within a gene that performs a regulatory function (e.g., TATA box).
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- branch
- The graphical representation of an evolutionary relationship in a phylogenetic tree.
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- branch-and-bound
- An efficient algorithm for combinatorial optimization problems.
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